At about 7.15pm on December 28, 1879, the evening express from Edinburgh to Dundee began clattering on to what was hailed as the world's longest bridge - the two-mile structure across the stormy Firth of Tay. "We have combined that with modern knowledge about the qualities of cast iron to explain what happened." “All this has persuaded me to arrive at a much more critical judgement of Bouch than in the original version.”. Share this. “Ever since John Prebble produced his seminal ‘High Girders’ book, indeed even well before that, there has been a vigorous debate about the causes of the disaster, and the allocation of blame,” continued Professor Swinfen. Their findings show the cause was the choice of cast iron, which is brittle, for the lugs. All 75 were killed. Now, techniques developed by Dr Peter Lewis at the Open University and Dr Guy Jones at Cambridge University have been used to investigate digitised photographs taken after the catastrophe, when the bridge once hailed as a "marvel of engineering" fell apart under a passenger train during a storm on 28 December 1879. As with the Forth Rail Bridge, the Tay Bridge has been called the Tay Rail Bridge since the construction of the Tay Road Bridge over the firth. image caption The bridge collapsed during a violent storm in December 1879 The number of people who died in the Tay Bridge disaster is closer to 60, rather than 75, researchers have revealed. Only eleven of the workers on the span were recovered alive, and some bodies were never found. "We have been able to confirm that [the lugs] definitely did fracture," he said. A cantilever bridge was proposed as the most feasible design to bridge the harsh, icy waters of the St. Lawrence River. language is not acceptable, Do not impersonate other users or reveal private information about third parties, We reserve the right to delete inappropriate posts and ban offending users without notification, -1) ? One argument is that the train itself crashed into the bridge and brought it down. Create a commenting name to join the debate. As a result, there's a huge amount of information captured in each one. On top of that there were people with season tickets, people going on beyond Dundee who had their tickets checked on a list but were not actually taken. 1879: An iron railway bridge over Scotland's River Tay collapses in a severe storm as a passenger train rolls across. How… The most insightful comments on all subjects It crosses the river from Newport-on-Tay in Fife to Dundee. The pictures show hundreds of shattered lugs on the piers of the bridge. Independent Premium Comments can be posted by members of our membership scheme, Independent Premium. By the 1860s the battle between the Scottish North British and Caledonian railway companies had taken hold. Then, in 70mph gales, the Edinburgh express tried to crawl across. “Amongst more recent accounts, explanations broadly speaking fall into one of two categories – either the bridge was brought down by the train, or the train was brought down by the bridge. Why exactly the bridge collapsed last August is yet to be understood. Want to discuss real-world problems, be involved in the most engaging discussions and hear from the journalists? The Tay Bridge cost £300,000 to build, and used 4,000 tons of cast iron, 10 million bricks and 15,000 casks of cement. to your comment. “But the fact is we cannot prove there were 75. Battered by a ferocious storm, the 13 ‘high girders’ of the rail bridge over the Tay estuary collapsed into the river below, carrying with them a train and all its passengers and crew. A Court of Inquiry was set up to try and ascertain the reason for the collapse of the bridge. continue to respect all commenters and create constructive debates. William appears to have been right about why the bridge collapsed. But on the night of December 28, 1879, the unthinkable happened. It is possible that the train came off the rails to help trigger the collapse but further quantitative analysis is required to explain why the bridge failed as it did. As the 137th anniversary of the Tay Bridge disaster approaches, and ahead of a talk in Dundee, local expert  Professor David Swinfen tells Michael Alexander why new light is being shed on the cause of the disaster. A second attempt to bridge the St. Lawrence River was made. It allows our most engaged readers to debate the big issues, share their own experiences, discuss Tay Bridge Collapse (1879) The Tay Bridge Disaster occurred on 28 December, 1879 while a train carrying 75 people was passing over it. In other words, the train was necessary for the collapse. This first Tay rail bridge collapsed during a storm one night in December 1879. These facts explained the failure of the lugs in the conditions of the fateful night. 'active' : ''"> In the original version of Professor Swinfen’s book, published in 1994, he accepted the argument that the bridge blew down, and that there had been insufficient allowance in the design for wind pressure. The Board of Inquiry concluded that a combination of design failures, construction and maintenance were at fault, with renowned engineer Sir Thomas Bouch officially blamed. 1996 Tay road bridge. It remains one of the worst railway disaster in Britain’s history. Enter your email to follow new comments on this article. “Against that, there is the argument that the bridge simply blew down, taking the train with it. Professor Swinfen says debate surrounding the reasons for the collapse is more complicated. The increasing stresses and strains imposed on the lugs by the design of the bridge led them to fail. the same level of attention, but we have preserved this area in the interests of open debate. A train with six carriages carrying 75 passengers and crew, crossing at the time of the collapse, fell into the icy waters of the Tay. Battered by a ferocious storm, the 13 ‘high girders’ of the rail bridge over the Tay estuary collapsed into the river below, carrying with them a train and all its passengers and crew. Sharing the full story, not just the headlines. The bridge collapsed during construction on August 29, 1907, killing eighty-six workers. An analysis of the collapse leads to the conclusion that the combined wind loading on the train and the High Girders was sufficient to make the latticework columns fail in shear. It's just downstream of the Tay rail bridge. As chairman of the Tay Bridge Memorial Trust, his interest was rekindled four years ago whilst researching what names should be put on the memorials since erected at either side of the bridge. Its narrow width and top-heavy “high girders” and piers had given way in winds of up to 80 miles an hour. “They collected 56 tickets. try again, the name must be unique, Please Tay Bridge runs from August 27 to September 21 and has been inspired by the victims who happened to be in the wrong place at the wrong time. they can to create a true meeting of independent Premium. The highest girders collapsed, plunging the engine and all six carriages into the freezing water. There has been much debate over the years on what caused the fall of the Tay Bridge and who was really to blame. Oldest first, -1) ? The Court of Inquiry report ( 8) concluded that, "The fall of the bridge was occasioned by the insufficiency of the cross bracing and its fastenings to sustain the force of the gale." For more information go to. It was December 28, 1879. Why exactly the bridge collapsed last August is yet to be understood. When the Tay Bridge was completed in 1878 after taking six years to build, it was one of the longest bridges in the world. “These were protuberances with a hole through them to which were attached wrought iron tie bars, by means of nuts and bolts, just like a giant Meccano set. The bridge collapse happened in the midst of a violent wind storm and caused the train to plunge into the Firth of Forth, killing everyone aboard. For as little as £5.99 a month you can access all of our content, including Premium articles. They fell into the Tay, taking the train with them. Start your Independent Premium subscription today. After the collapse of the First Tay Bridge, the major bridges of the time in the United Kingdom, the Second Tay, Forth and Tower Bridges, were entrusted to him and his company. 'active' : ''"> The discovery came through looking at high-quality digitised versions of 50 photographs taken after the accident for a Board of Trade inquiry. At approximately 7.15pm on 28 December 1879 the first Tay Rail Bridge collapsed. The Quebec Bridge was twenty years in the making, from the founding of the Quebec Bridge Company in 1887 to the bridge�s collapse in 1907. Bad workmanship caused Tay Bridge disaster. Why did the Tay Bridge collapse? At first, reaction focused on the death toll. The original Tay Bridge was opened to great acclaim and publicity in 1878. He also drew attention to another crucial fact – that the holes cast in the lugs, being conical in shape rather than cylindrical, meant that excessive stress was exerted on them by the force of the wind. “The figure most often cited is 75 dead – and this figure was accepted by the Court of Inquiry, “Professor Swinfen, 80, of Broughty Ferry, said. No hype, just the advice and analysis you need, Register with your social account or click here to log in. Now, ahead of an illustrated talk he is giving at Dundee Transport Museum on December 10, retired Dundee University history professor David Swinfen – author of revised and updated book ‘The Fall of the Tay Bridge’ – has analysed new evidence about the number of lives lost and presents a solution to what he believes really brought the bridge down. real-world solutions, and more. The present Tay Bridge is the second Rail bridge over the Tay. Want an ad-free experience?Subscribe to Independent Premium. “In the first category we find Bouch himself. Theodore Cooper had been the consulting engineer for the Quebec Bridge project, and most of the blame for the disaster fell on his shoulders. The Edinburgh to Aberdeen train crossing at the time crashed into the river, killing everyone on board. 'active' : ''"> The collapse was initiated by the buckling failure of Chord A9L, on the anchor arm near the pier, immediately followed by Chord A9R. Are you sure you want to mark this comment as inappropriate? Please The Tay Bridge cost £300,000 to build, and used 4,000 tons of cast iron, 10 million bricks and 15,000 casks of cement. Oldest first, -1) ? Salvaging the wreckage of the bridge. “These tie bars connected the six cast iron columns together to make each of the towers supporting the track. The existing Open Comments threads will continue to exist for those who do not subscribe to Are you sure you want to delete this comment? You can also choose to be emailed when someone replies ... For more than 120 years, the designer Sir Thomas Bouch has been held responsible for the collapse of the bridge … Are you sure you want to submit this vote? We can prove there were 59 because we have documentary proof.”. "As each lug failed that would put extra load on the next one, and the whole lot would just unzip.". “One recent contribution to the debate has alleged that over the life of the bridge the passage of trains induced metal fatigue in these lugs, causing them to fail.”. The weather that evening saw violent storms with gale force winds. Professor Swinfen speaks at Dundee Transport Museum at 3pm on December 10. The original Tay Bridge was built by the North British Railway Company and designed by Thomas Bouch, a civil engineer who had built many small branch lines in the north of England and the south east of Scotland. Supremacy in controlling the major routes through Scotland would depend on which company would be first to bridge the River Tay at Dundee. “In light of the journal articles, and of the expert opinion of leading civil engineers, I have rejected the claim that metal fatigue was a factor in the collapse. The Tay Bridge (or Tay Rail Bridge) is a railway bridge about two and a quarter miles (three and a half kilometres) long that spans the Firth of Tay in Scotland, between the city of Dundee and Wormit, Fife (grid reference. Newest first, -1) ? “I have also discovered that the specification of the thinner bolts by Bouch was a cost cutting measure, as was his decision to substitute the cast iron lugs for the much superior method of connecting the columns used in the Belah Viaduct by the same designer. “The figure of 75 ultimately comes from the Court of Inquiry. To this day, there is still speculation as to the cause and as to whether or not the designer, Thomas Bouch, was to blame. Tay Bridge collapse. Guidelines. On 22 July 1871, the foundation stone of the bridge was laid. Start your Independent Premium subscription today. Sign up for our daily newsletter of the top stories in Courier country, Thank you for signing up to The Courier daily newsletter. Find your bookmarks in your Independent Premium section, under my profile, There are no comments yet - be the first to add your thoughts, There are no Independent Premium comments yet - be the first to add your thoughts, 120 years on, scientists discover why the Tay Bridge collapsed, Email already exists. Weathered Expanse: The Tay Bridge rose above the Firth of Tay in Scotland. David Newnham 15th November 2002 at 12:00am. try again, the name must be unique, You may not agree with our views, or other users’, but please respond to them respectfully, Swearing, personal abuse, racism, sexism, homophobia and other discriminatory or inciteful Due to the sheer scale of this comment community, we are not able to give each post try again, the name must be unique, Please “The reason why there is a discrepancy is that there are two different ways in arriving at the conclusion. In the revised version of his book, he has reviewed all the popular explanations, especially in the light of recent articles in civil engineering journals. Independent Premium. “On the other hand we only know for certain that 59 people were lost, in the sense that we only have death certificates for 59. On the night of 28 December 1879, a violent storm lashed across Scotland collapsing an iron bridge that straddled the Firth of Tay and plunged a train into the river killing all on board. An official investigation into the causes of collapse utterly ruined Sir Thomas Bouch’s reputation. The court of inquiry’s statement read, “The fall of the bridge was occasioned by the insufficiency of the cross bracing and its fastenings to sustain the force of the gale.” (See this animation of one theory of collapse.) A team of experts working with the investigators issued a report this month … 'active' : ''"> “If only he had used this method, perhaps the disaster might have been avoided. This theory is similar to the one proposed by Sir Thomas Bouch to explain the collapse. The Story and the Conclusions in to the cause of the Tay Rail Bridge Disaster. Dr Lewis said: "They were taken using very long exposure times and very fine-grained silver emulsion. The first one collapsed in … “My conclusion from all this is that my original explanation of the fall was largely correct, but with some important additions and modifications,” he added. Something went wrong - please try again later. The Court of Inquiry which followed the disaster found, "The fall of the bridge was occasioned by the insufficiency of the cross bracing and its fastenings to sustain the force of the gale." A court of Inquiry (a judicial enquiry under Section 7 of the Regulation of Railways Act 1871 "into the causes of, and circumstances attending" the accident) was immediately set up: Henry Cadogan Rothery, Commissioner of Wrecks, presided, supported by Colonel Yolland (Inspector of Railways) and William Henry Barlow, President of the Institution of Civil Engineers. “In recent years this explanation has been accepted by a number of writers, especially with reference to the so-called ‘kink in the rail’ – a distortion of the track which, it is claimed, caused the carriage to become derailed. The original rail bridge replaced an early train ferry. 24 Days of Christmas Giveaway: Win a pair of tickets to James Martin’s cooking demo at Taste of Grampian 2021, Gripping memories of wartime mine blast which brought terror and devastation to Stonehaven, Forgotten Rolling Stone was Fife musician whose image ‘didn’t fit’, BiFab: Minister backs calls for inquiry into firm’s collapse, From Barcelona to Boghead: Johan Cruyff almost played in Scotland in 1980, Average White Band star Hamish Stuart recalls the shock across New York after John Lennon’s murder, Perfect Food and Drink Gifts for Christmas, Find Inspiration with the DC Thomson Shop Christmas Gift Guide. A "digital microscope" that lets scientists examine photographs at high resolutions has finally proved what caused the Tay Bridge disaster of 120 years ago in which 75 people died. He was convinced that a second class carriage had come off the track, caught on the side girder, and ripped the bridge apart. "The Tay Bridge Disaster" is a poem written in 1880 by the Scottish poet William McGonagall, who has been recognized as the worst poet in history. The newest examination does not vindicate him either. In particular, designers now know that holes in any structure concentrate stresses to the extent that they can make an otherwise robust design fail abruptly - as happened on the Tay Bridge. 'active' : ''"> will be published daily in dedicated articles. Others say the bridge fell down and took the bridge with it. As with the Forth Rail Bridge, the Tay Bridge has been called the Tay Rail Bridge since the construction of the Tay Road Bridge over the firth. He perished along with 74 others when the train he was driving went into the River Tay on a stormy night in 1879. The train plunges into the roiling river, killing everyone on board. “I have drawn particular attention to the fact that the connecting bolts through the lugs were thinner than they should have been, with the consequence that the stress was concentrated on the point where the bolt touched the inside of the hole. “Going back to the original Court of Inquiry in 1879/80, it was concluded that the fall was due to faults of design, construction and maintenance, for which Thomas Bouch was principally, of not exclusively, to blame. The Fall of the Tay Bridge, by Professor David Swinfen, is published by Birlinn, priced £10.99. Community He died six months after the findings. The increasing stresses and strains imposed on the lugs by the design of the bridge led them to fail. Log in to update your newsletter preferences, Monday - Friday plus breaking news alerts by email. On the night of 28 December 1879 at 7.15pm, the bridge collapsed after its central spans gave way during high winter gales. Their findings show the cause was the choice of cast iron, which is brittle, for the lugs. "It must have been progressive," said Dr Lewis, a senior lecturer in material forensics at the Open University, Milton Keynes. But at two and a half miles long, it was reckoned the longest in the world; Queen Victoria crossed the bridge and knighted its designer, Thomas Bouch. Achieving ingenuity in bridge construction required the development of specialist equipment for the manufacture and erection of steel components, for example the hydraulic riveters and cranes. There were no survivors. try again, the name must be unique, Please The Tay Bridge is hit by a heavy snowfall and its construction, mostly wrought and cast iron, is slowly giving way under the weight of the snow combined with the relentless wind. All Rights Reserved. Our journalists will try to respond by joining the threads when Bouch changed the design of the lugs from previous cast-iron bridges, for the worse: the bracing bars between the columns were strong enough, but the holes in the lugs weakened the structure - and proved the weak link. Most liked. Please During its construction 20 workmen died. Most liked, -1) ? The Tay Bridge Disaster Dundee.1879. 'active' : ''"> That’s the figure that they accepted. Newest first, -1) ? You can find our Community Guidelines in full here. This bridge was designed by Thomas Bouch and was completed in 1878. Famous visitors including the Emperor of Brazil, Prince Leopold of the Belgians and Queen Victoria herself came to pay homage to this marvel of Victorian engineering. “The reason they accepted it was because they were given information by staff at St Fort Station, which was the last station before the bridge, and that was where they collected tickets for passengers going to Dundee. “What is common ground is that what actually failed were the ‘lugs’ cast integral with the columns. The poem recounts the events of the evening of 28 December 1879, when, during a severe gale, the Tay Rail Bridge at Dundee collapsed as a train was passing over it with the loss of all on board. An inquiry blamed Bouch for a "badlydesigned, badly constructed and badly maintained" project. On 28 December 1879 the High Girders were blown into the Tay while a train was passing through them, drowning 75 people. Part of this was because of flaws in its design, but poor maintenance was also an issue. try again, the name must be unique, Please Though engineers have suspected for years that the rail disaster was caused by using the wrong kind of iron for the design, they have differed on where it was being used: some said the casings of the 18-month-old bridge were at fault, others that it collapsed through metal fatigue, and others that the "lugs" by which the columns of the bridge were cross-braced together had failed. Proposals to build a bridge across the Tay date to 1854 but it was not until 15 July 1870 that the North British Railway Tay Bridge Act received royal assent. © DC Thomson Co Ltd 2020. By 3 January 1880, they were taking evidence in Dundee; they then appointed Henry Law (a qualified civil engineer) to undertake detailed investigation… The bridge collapsed during a violent storm in December 1879 The number of people who died in the Tay Bridge disaster is closer to 60, rather than 75, researchers have revealed. Want to bookmark your favourite articles and stories to read or reference later? To log in to update your newsletter preferences, Monday - Friday breaking., 1907, killing eighty-six workers weather that evening saw violent storms gale... A much more critical judgement of Bouch than in the first category find... Of open debate of our membership scheme, independent Premium Sir Thomas Bouch to explain the collapse violent storms gale... 29, 1907, killing everyone on board other words, the bridge led them to.! 4,000 tons of cast iron columns together to make each of the.! Is brittle, for the lugs category we find Bouch himself night in December 1879 at,! 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