BPI chromatograms of LW, SB, and SX samples for reproducibility. The closely related genus Tamus is included in Dioscorea by some sources,[9] but is maintained as distinct by others. (1) Biological Source. name the drug which contain Linamarin. Food and Beverages (1) Available for Sale. D. al Colocasiata, D. esculenta, and D. rotundata), Dioscorea abyssinica and D. cayenensis starch possessed “B” XRD patterns. Finally the filtrate was combined, and the solvents were recycled. Dioscorea polystachyacan form dense masses of vines that cover and kill native vegetation, including trees, within a variety of moist, disturbed habitats. *Please select more than one item to compare. About 10 species of yam are widely cultivated around the world, but three species (D. rotundata, D. alata, and D. cayenensis) account for 93% of the global yam production (Lopez-Montes et al., 2012). The crude drugs were made into honeyed pills (LW, SB, SX) according to the instructions recorded in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (2005 edn). Give biological source & uses of linseed. As storage at 10 °C or less to reduce sprouting can cause chilling injury to occur, sprout-suppressing chemicals are employed and, infrequently, gamma irradiation is used. Give biological source, & uses of drug containing pyrethrin, Shatavarin and Glycyrrhizin as a active constituent. However, “A” and “C” patterns have been reported for D. dumetorum starch. Xijun Wang, ... Hui Sun, in Chinmedomics, 2015. 1850. Dioscorea is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. Table V. Diosgenin Content in Callus Obtained from Different Explants of Dioscorea (Tsay and Agrawal, 2005), Table VI. The most important active principle discovered in tubers is diosgenin, which can be used as a precursor of many important medicinal steroids such as prednisolone, dexamethasone, norethisterone and metenolone (Tsukamoto et al., 1936). Callus tissue in D. doryophora was induced from the surface of both microtuber and stem node. The tuber is in great demand as it is used both as a crude drug and as food. A few species, however, have been identified as possessing the risk of causing kidney injury, and poisoning usually results from ingestion of improperly prepared tubers, especially in cases of famine or from occasional medical use. Geographical source: The Plant is indigenous to Bangladesh, India, Burma, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. The three types of pills were then cut into pieces, immersed 10 times in methanol for an hour each time, and ultrasonically extracted three times for 40 min each. It was introduced from Asia for ornamental, food, and medicinal purposes and escaped cultivation in the mid-1990s. cv. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extending into temperate climates. From: Advances in Botanical Research, 2012, Martins Ekor, in Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants, 2014. Accepted species (613), subspecies, and varieties. Over-harvesting of rare yams has threatened populations of several Dioscorea species worldwide 18,22,23,24. (a, b, c & d) Different letters within a column indicate significant differences at P = 0.05 by Duncan’s multiple range test. The diosgenin contents were analysed from the different plant parts (leaf, node, root, seed and stem) and higher level of diosgenin was obtained from the root (Table V). Figure 11.1. Comparison of fingerprint profiles of nine batches of LW samples by UPLC/ESI-HDMS is shown in Fig. The Forest Herbarium, National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok. A biological control feasibility study of the invasive weed-air potato, Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Dioscoreaceae): an effort to increase biological control transparency and safety. Globally, the largest areas planted in yam are all located in sub-Saharan Africa and include Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin and Togo. Under favourable conditions, some species can be stored for around three months. Dioscorea belongs to the family Dioscoreaceae, which are abundant in nature and distributed widely in the tropics. Geographical Source . Dioscorea hispida tubers are known as natural starch sources that are cheap and easily found in tropical regions [16]. Dioscorea L., the largest genus of the family Dioscoreaceae with over 600 species, is not only an important food but also a medicinal plant. Publication date: 2008-01-14. USDA INHOUSE. The flowers are individually inconspicuous, greenish-yellow, with six petals; they are mostly dioecious, with separate male and female plants, though a few species are monoecious, with male and female flowers on the same plant. Write the biological source, morphology, microscopy , chemical constituents, uses , adulterants and substitutes of Belladonna ; Write Pharmacognosy of Liquorice; Write Pharmacognosy of Cinnamon; Pharmacognosy of Dioscorea. In India, the plant grows wildly in Western Himalayas, Karnataka, Kashmir, West Bengal, etc. It was found that the XRD pattern of extracted starch is the same throughout the growth period of D. rotundata. Moreover, RMD also exhibits higher angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity than RMR. Perez-Rea et al. Detoxification of the tubers involves placing them in running water for a few days, soaking in salt water, boiling for several hours and then squeezing out the juice, or roasting to detoxify them [23]. The advantage of D. hispida is its high starch contents, which surpasses 70% yield [17]. BASIONYM: Dioscorea racemosa Rusby 1907, non (Klotzsch) Mottet 1893-1894. Dioscorea … Diosgenin Concentration in Cell Suspension from Two Different Explants of Dioscorea doryophora, Chih-Chun Wen, ... Ning-Sun Yang, in Advances in Botanical Research, 2012. About 25% of yam fresh weight is starch, mainly in the form of amylopectin. Dioscorin also can act as a TLR4 activator and induce macrophage activation via the typical TLR4-signalling pathways via stimulation of multiple signalling molecules (NF-κB, ERK, JNK and p38) and induction of the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) (Fu et al., 2006). (N/A) Project No. (2007) reported B pattern for D. esculenta with crystallinity of 43%, B/C pattern for D. alata with crystallinity of 49%. The explants are placed on different solid growth media; in successful media, callus tissue will appear on the explants in the course of 2–6 weeks. The results are below. Others (1) Featured Industry. Geographical source: Dioscorea is found in North America, Japan, China, Mexico, India and Nepal. In addition, Dioscorea glycoproteins significantly increased the trafficking of macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes into the peritoneal cavity (Huong et al., 2011). Fig. Thyroxine tablets were purchased from Shanghai Industrial United Holdings Great Wall Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China); reserpine injections were purchased from Guangdong Bangmin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd (Guangdong, China). Dioscorea oppositifolia is a fast growing twining vine that has escaped from cultivation. NEW Funding Source. Dioscorin, a tuber protein, has been shown to exhibit systemic and mucosal immunomodulatory activities in vivo after oral administration (Liu et al., 2009). Macroscopical characters: The drug occurs in pieces, about 8 to 15 cm long and 0.5 to 1.0 cm thick. Although 6% sucrose was found to be optimum for the growth of cell suspension culture, it was observed that cells cultured in 3% sucrose containing medium produced higher level of diosgenin. (2013) obtained B patterns for five wild yam varieties and crystallinity of 35%–40%. (3)2Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan. The Plant List includes a further 316 scientific plant names of infraspecific rank for the genus Dioscorea.We do not intend The Plant List to be complete for names of infraspecific rank. More than 50 compounds of steroidal saponins from plants of Dioscorea L. have been isolated (Tang et al., 2007). subsp. Alpha amylase is added, and after gelatinization and liquefaction at 90–93 °C, filtration and vacuum concentration to 30–35%, the pH is brought to 1.2–1.8 with hydrochloric acid. Around 15 species of Dioscorea are used as a source of diosgenin 20; with an estimated market value of $500 million 21. FAMILY:- Dioscoreacea. Many of the tubers of Dioscorea are bitter in taste, and local people use traditional skills to remove bitterness. Dioscorea • Synonym = Yam • Biological source :- Part used : dried rhizome Plant: Dioscorea deltoidea Dioscorea tokora Dioscorea composita family : Dioscoreaceae 3. nutrient values, Dioscorea is a potential source of bioactive substances of interest in the prevention/ treatment of several diseases, and thus represents a great challenge in developing countries. Saccharification proceeds under 0.3 MPa to DE 90–95.2817 In another procedure, pulp of Diascorea sativa was gelatinized at 90 °C with alpha amylase, saccharified with α-amyloglucosidase, and then fermented with yeast.2818, L. Zhou, ... Y. Peng, in Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, 2014. Studies were conducted in vitro to determine the antagonistic potential of Trichoderma harzianum for biological control of Fusarium moniliforme isolated from rotted Dioscorea rotundata tubers. Dioscorea zingiberensis C. H. Wright is the dominant source for diosgenin production in China. Air potato biological control nisaw 2016 leaf beetle a for uf/ifas extension okaloosa county biocontrol program. DIOSCOREA BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:- Obtained from dried rhizome of species of Dioscorea deltoidea. The tubers are largely consumed by the local aborigines for food. World Checklist of Dioscoreales. Extensive phytochemical and pharmacological studies have shown that steroidal saponins have biological activities contributing to the efficacy of the herb (Liu et al., 2010). The physicochemical properties (granule size and morphology, amylose content, crystal form and gelatinisation and pasting behaviour) of isolated starch have been shown to depend strongly on the Dioscorea species (Farhat et al., 1999). Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. 5 Marks. Dioscorea (true yams) is a large genus that contains species important as food (with edible tubers) or as sources of bioactive substances used in a range of applications. (2007) reported A pattern for D. zingiberensis starch. The fat content is relatively low at 1.99–9.36% and the ash content is at 0.29–1.24%. Finally, dispersed cell suspension cultures were obtained from both microtuber- and stem node-derived callus in liquid culture medium supplemented with 2,4-D (0.1 mg/l) and sucrose (3%) by incubation on a rotator shaker at 120 rpm. The biological functions and various types of alkaloids are discussed hereunder. The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia records that Dioscorea hastifolia is "One of the hardiest of the yams. Biological Source . Wilkin, P. & Thapyai, C. (2009). Source. renewable source of high-value compounds. 2 matches found for protodioscin . The experiments were performed at Advanced Plant Pathology Laboratory, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria. The two types of secondary metabolites are: (1) Alkaloids and (2) Dioscorea. The cell suspension culture was established by Yeh et al., 1994 in D. doryophora for the production of diosgenin. After drying leaves are stored in moisture proof container. Accession No. Our previous study reported that a 50–75% ethanol-partitioned fraction of the tuber extract of D. batatas (DsCE-II) may confer immunogenic activities (Su et al., 2011b). D. batatas (yam), which is widely distributed in East Asia, has long been used as a supplement as a major source of steroid precursors (Li and Ni, 2011) or prescribed to treat poor appetite, chronic diarrhoea, asthma, frequent or uncontrollable urination, diabetes and even emotional instability (Hou et al., 2002). Around 15 species of Dioscorea are used as a source of diosgenin 20; with an estimated market value of $500 million 21. Despite these constraints yams are an important food security crop and have thus continued to attract a modest amount of research and development. Nigeria is by far the largest producer of yam (44 Mt) followed by Ghana (7 Mt) and Ivory Coast (6 Mt). These phytochemicals include mucopolysaccharide, dioscorin, diosgenin (Fig. Further, in addition to significant enhancement of proliferation of T cells and B cells in splenocytes of glycoprotein-treated mice, the non-specific cytolytic activity of NK cells and macrophages was significantly increased (Huong et al., 2011). 11.1. Research focuses on the effects of oral administration of a small amount of RMD fermented by M. purpureus NTU 568 for hypertensive rats on systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and aorta thin section. Dioscorea convolvulacea subsp. 05 (c) Describe active constituents of Senna giving their structures and chemical tests for identification. 2.8.1.1 Dioscorea Synonyms Rheumatism root; Yam. Global production of yam has been steadily increasing over the past fifty years and yield improvements have also been noted. It can survive in a number of different habitats and environmental conditions, but is most commonly found at the edges of rich, mesic bottomland forests, along stream banks and drainageways and near fencerows. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128000182000121, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123945914000027, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123945914000040, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781855737242500192, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081008683000111, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081005965215370, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123965233000014, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444525123001522, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128031179000111, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123847300002263, Nephrotoxicity and Nephroprotective Potential of African Medicinal Plants, Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants, Recent Trends in Medicinal Plants Research, Sushim Kumar Gupta, ... Hsin-Sheng Tsay, in. Alkaloids: Alkaloids have been known to man for several centuries. D. hispida also contains crude protein around 3.6–9.8%. 0423584 Grant No. There are reports of the use of the non-detoxified plant in suicide, hunting, and for criminal and ritual poisoning [154]. The rhizomes have a high content of diosgenin, which is approximately 8% on dry basis (Li and Ni, 2011). Dioscorea spp. is a very important staple crop of tropical and subtropical agriculture, especially in Africa. Biological Source It essentially comprises of the dried tubers of Dioscorea delitoidea Wall., Dioscorea tokora Makino, and Dioscorea composita and other species of Dioscorea belonging to the family Dioscoreaceae. An approximately similar level of diosgenin was obtained in field grown and in vitro grown tubers (Chen, 1985; Table V). subsp. Q.1 (a) Describe biological source, cultivation, collection, packing and uses of Indian Senna. Flora of Thailand 10(1): 1-140. (N/A) … The edible Dioscorea starches (viz. Diosgenin content as high as 3.3% per gram dry weight was obtained in microtuber-derived cell suspension culture compared to the stem node-derived callus cell suspension, which contained only 0.3% diosgenin (Table VI). Jayakodi et al. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF AIR POTATO (DIOSCOREA BULBIFERA) IN FLORIDA USING THE ASIAN BEETLES LILIOCERIS CHENI AND LILIOCERIS EGENA. Dioscorea is the dried rhizome of several species of Dioscorea like D. villosa, D. prazeri Prain and Burk; D. composite; D. spiculiflora; D. deltoidea and D. floribunda, belonging to family Dioscoreaceae. Dioscorea (yam) species comprise a genus of 613 tuberous climbing plants 1. Dioscorea zingiberensis C. H. Wright is the dominant source for diosgenin production in China. Dioscorea • Colour = Slightly brown • Odour = Odourless • Taste = Bitter and acrid • Size = Varies depending on the age of the rhizomes (tubers) 4. Figure 9. (15) This steroid is of high industrial importance and has been subject of interest to many researchers worldwide over the years. Dioscorea species are widely used plants not only in Eastern traditional medicine but also in modern Western medicine. Pl. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Dioscorins, the storage protein of D. batatas tuber, can enhance the proliferation of CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+ cells in spleen (Lin et al., 2009). Gina Kennedy, ... Elise F. Talsma, in Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability, 2019. Schols, P. 2004. Yam (Dioscorea spp.) Govaerts, R., Wilkin, P. & Saunders, R.M.K. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extending into temperate climates. Dioscorea discolor Dioscorea discolor Kunth, Enum. T.-M. Pan, W.-H. Hsu, in Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition), 2014. Piotr Tomasik, Derek Horton, in Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2012, Tubers of yam (Dioscorea) for production of ethanol are ground, a thick, 30–35% slurry is prepared, and its pH is brought to 6.0–7.0. Yam crops face pressure from a range of insect pests, fungal and viral diseases, and nematodes and the crop has a lower yield per hectare compared to crops such as cassava or sweet potato. The fruit is a capsule in most species, a soft berry in a few species.[5][6]. 6032-22000-011-51R Proposal No. One class of toxins found in many species is steroidal saponins, which can be converted through a series of chemical reactions into steroid hormones for use in medicine and as contraceptives. The rhizomes and roots of Dioscorea villosa is an important source of diosgenin, a phytoestrogen that has been investigated thoroughly from both chemical and biological perspectives. The photo of aorta thin section (Figure 9) showed that the elastin fibers in the aorta of Monascus-fermented product-treated SHRs were significantly straighter than control animals. Renal failure as well as CNS irritability and hepatic failure with hypoglycemia are the predominant symptoms of poisoning with Dioscorea species [23]. Statistics. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57, 5035–5041. In addition, the ethanol extract of bark of D. batatas was identified to confer anti-inflammatory bioactivity through inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 expression in RAW 264.7 cells, apparently via NF-κB and ERK1/2 inactivation (Jin et al., 2010). Annual. County Herbaria Literature Citation (If Applicable) Alachua: PIHG Leon: FSU + Expand All - Collapse Synonyms. A callus is subsequently cut from the explant and subcultured further. Yuan and Zhang (2007) obtained C pattern for starch from Dioscorea nipponica while Hoover (2001) and Sahore et al. D. doryophora Hance, a Taiwanese species whose tuber possesses high quality and higher quantity of the active component, is being wildly propagated by farmers in Taiwan (Huang et al., 1993). Pigments monascin and ankaflavin Gupta,... Rajamohanan J. Anish, in Encyclopedia food... The dominant source for diosgenin production in China synonym Full Citation Basionym Type ; Dioscorea bangii Dioscorea R.! Long and 0.5 to 1.0 cm thick years and yield improvements have also noted! Batches of LW, SB, and analyzed with four other chloroplast genomes of are... Under the influence of pH and ionic strength... Hsin-Sheng Tsay, in Encyclopedia of food crop. Food Chemistry 57, 5035–5041 an important food Security and Sustainability, 2019 plant Pathology Laboratory, Federal of. Compare Products: Select up to 4 Products temperature below 60 C and they contain no than! 2001 ) and Sahore et al species rank for the genus includes the following species subspecies! 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Serpentina Benth., a soft berry in a liquid medium ( in flasks ), 2018 Elise! ) this steroid is of high industrial importance and has been subject of interest to many researchers worldwide the! Species worldwide 18,22,23,24 includes the following species and subspecies: [ Citation needed ] genomes of are! The growth period of D. doryophora was induced from the surface of both microtuber and stem node million.... Of Australia records that Dioscorea hastifolia is `` one of the opium poppy was isolated F.W... Beetle a biological control for Air Potato uf/ifas extension okaloosa county % on dry (... As it is used both as a source of diosgenin, which is approximately 8 on... Higher amount of GABA and the solvents were recycled finally the filtrate was combined, and cayenensis..., T.M., 2009 Agricultural crops in tropical regions [ 16 ] diosgenin and batatasin I Dioscorea... Poisoning with Dioscorea species from GenBank, hunting, and for criminal and ritual poisoning [ 154 ] Botanical,. Zingiberensis C. H. Wright is the same throughout the growth dioscorea biological source of D. rotundata ), then... ; Dioscorea bangii Dioscorea bangii Dioscorea bangii R. Knuth, in Texture in food: Solid Foods, 2004 is. Leon: FSU + Expand All - Collapse Synonyms, T.M., 2009 of Senna their... The dominant source for diosgenin production in China at least 2000 BC 25, including leaf material 26 as crude! Dioscorea opposita Thunb Potato ( Dioscorea BULBIFERA ) in FLORIDA USING the Asian BEETLES LILIOCERIS CHENI and LILIOCERIS EGENA conditions! Okaloosa county a large shrub Apocynaceae Agrawal, 2005 ), Dioscorea abyssinica and D. cayenensis possessed... Yeh et al., 2007 ) varieties and crystallinity of 35 % –40..